Effect of Auxins on in vitro Rooting of Begonia pavonina
- Rosilah Ab Aziz Kodi Isparan Kandasamy Faridah Qamaruz Zaman
- Reseived: 14 January, 2021 Received in Revised Form: 10 April, 2021 Accepted: 18 April, 2021
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For many years, begonias are commonly grown indoors as ornamental and gained popularity due to its beauty and color. In vitro propagation techniques are being used as alternative methods of propagation in many countries to commercialize this plant and meet the growing demand for planting material. In the vegetative propagation, adventitious rooting is a critical stage. This study aimed at evaluating the effect of auxins effect of auxins on the development of the root system in Begonia pavonina was tested in vitro using different concentrations of indole butyric acid (IBA) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). Results obtained showed that in vitro root induction responded well to all media treatments. Out of the different treatments, the in vitro rooting of B. pavonina is most effective when treated with 1.0 mgL-1 NAA, giving the highest mean number of roots. The mean number of roots was found decreased when higher than 2.0 mgL-1 of NAA and IBA applied in the medium. The rooted plantlets were successfully acclimatized at the greenhouse with 80% survival rate.
Biological and Immunological Effects of Ruta graveolens Aqueous Extract in CCl4 Intoxicated Rats
- Khulud Mohammed Alshehri
- Reseived: 1 February, 2021 Received in Revised Form: 30 March, 2021 Accepted: 12 April, 2021
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Ruta graveolens is a medicinal plant that produces several phytochemicals of functional importance. The aqueous and alcoholic extracts of R. graveolens are known to possess antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects. Leaf extracts of R. graveolens also exhibit strong anti-inflammatory activity. This study aimed to investigate the biological and immunological effects of R. graveolens aqueous extract in intoxicated rats. The test plants were collected from Al-Makhwah Governorate, Al-Baha Region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The experimental animals were intoxicated after subcutaneous administration (s/c) of carbon tetrachloride. Two animal groups were treated with different concentrations of R. graveolens aqueous extract, (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) for 8 weeks. After the treatment period, the animals were sacrificed and the biological and immunological tests were performed. Improvement in body weight gain percentage by 19.09±0.015% was observed in response to 400 mg/kg R. graveolens treatment compared to positive control 10.24±0.624%. The feed efficiency ratio (FER) also increased in both treatment groups. The albumin/globulin (A/G) ratios were elevated in both treatment groups compared to the positive control. Lymphocyte transformation index increased following treatment with both concentrations of R. graveolens aqueous extracts. The higher concentration of the extract resulted in 1.61±0.09% increase, which was close to the value obtained for the negative control, and significantly increased the lymphocyte transformation percentage 1.24±0.12% in positive control group. The percentage of phagocytosis and the leucocyte mediated killing of Staphylococcus aureus was also enhanced in both treatment groups. Our study outcomes indicated that the R graveolens aqueous extracts can enhance biological parameters and activate immune system in intoxicated rats.
Machine Learning Methods for Personalization in E-Learning: A Survey
- Mohammed Yahya Alghamdi Ali Alowayr Abdullah Alshehri
- Reseived: 23 December 2020 Received in Revised Form: 18 February 2021 Accepted: 22 February 2021
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Recent decades have seen a rapid increase of E-Learning systems worldwide. Many educational organizations have adopted E-Learning systems to deliver courses and programs for their students. A further phenomenon of E-Learning that has emerged is Massive Open Online Courses or MOOCs; online courses intended for a global audience far beyond the institution where the MOOC is hosted. However, a limitation of E-Learning, and by extension MOOCs, is that students’ learning preferences are difficult to establish because of the lack of face-to-face contact that is a feature of traditional learning styles. Thus, a number of studies in the literature have proposed approaches, founded on the tools and techniques of Machine Learning (ML), to personalize learning materials and needs for students. This research paper explores the state-of-the-art of E-Learning personalization using ML techniques and highlights current developments in this domain. The paper also suggests some potential future research directions for E-Learning personalization.
A Secure Approach for Data Integration in Cloud using Paillier Homomorphic Encryption
- Ahmad Abdullah Alqarni
- Reseived: 3 December 2020 Received in Revised Form: 3 January 2021 Accepted: 26 January 2021
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The benefit of using cloud computing services enables individuals and organizations to store and process data on the cloud. The security issue arises when data produced from different sources such as IoT’s, mobile phones, and software are to be stored in the cloud are getting attacked in the transmission and maintaining data privacy is squandered. Several approaches have been studied to tackle data privacy and integrity based on different encryption schemes. Data loss and leakage, malware attacks, and exploited vulnerabilities are still prevalent in the cloud. Thus, it is crucial to ensure that a full-proof protecting mechanism is in place not to get attacked and privacy is maintained while storing in the cloud. This paper proposes implementing the Paillier cryptosystem, which belongs to homomorphic base encryption, to encrypt the data generated from the different data sources or users and process it in the cloud without decrypting it. Applying such a scheme is to protect the data from getting attacked and make the encryption harder to protect privacy. The experimental results show that Paillier encryption performed better in terms of encryption speed, key size and CPU utilization compared to DES, ADES, and Blowfish encryption algorithms.
Stationary Exterior Navier-Stokes Problem in Three-Dimensional Domain
- Ahmad Alalyani Mohamed Meslameni
- Reseived: 14 September, 2020 Received in Revised Form: 16 December, 2020 Accepted: 25 January, 2021
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In this paper, we investigate the Navier-Stokes system in the framework of weighted Sobolev spaces. Our purpose is to extend the results established in [1] dealing with the study of the stationary incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in the whole space to the case of an exterior domain Ω⊂R^3. The proof of the main result is based on the Banach fixed point theorem applied to the Oseen operator well studied in [2].
Role of Saliva as a Possible Source in the COVID-19 Outbreak and Extent of its Use in Detecting the SARS-CoV-2 Virus
- Osama Abdulrahman Shaikhomar
- Reseived: 13 September, 2020 Received in Revised Form: 24 December, 2020 Accepted: 7 January, 2021
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Most of people will be infected with a coronavirus at least once in their life, which might be a worrying fact for many people. Coronaviruses are a widespread virus species known to cause diseases ranging from common colds to more severe illnesses. Coronaviruses are of animal origin, which means they are transmitted between animals and humans. However, several known types of coronavirus circulating among animals have not infected humans to date. SARS-CoV-2 is thought to have been transmitted from seafood and animal markets in China to humans. Saliva plays a prominent role in lubricating the alimentary tract bolus, buffering and repairing the oral mucosa, protecting against microorganisms, and other oral functions. Several viruses and bacteria infect the tissue of salivary glands in a specific manner. Saliva is a complicated fluid that plays a crucial role in preventing viral infection, especially through the innate immune system, which is the first line of defense. For example, hyposalivation can result in severe respiratory infection. However, the salivary gland is also a significant reservoir of viruses in saliva, and the live virus can be cultivated from saliva samples. This suggests that asymptomatic spread of SARS-CoV-2 may come from contaminated saliva. The present review summarizes the role of saliva as a reservoir of several viruses in spreading infection and the extent of saliva use in detecting SARS-CoV-2 to control the COVID-19 pandemic.
