Main Vegetation Types of the Wadi Rijaf, Jabal Bura’ Protected Area, Yemen
- Abdul Wali A. Al-Khulaidi
- Reseived: 23 January 2018 Received in Revised Form: 29 March 2018 Accepted: Accepted 4 April 2018
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The vegetation was surveyed in Wadi Rijaf, part of the Jebel Bura protected area, Yemen. The study aimed to investigate the vegetation of one of the very small number of locations in the Arabian Peninsula where unique endemic plant species are known to occur. The study presents the first systematic vegetation survey of this area. In particular, the study has revealed the importance of this specific region in terms of plant biodiversity, and particularly of economic [e.g. medicine, aromatic), rare and endangered species, which urgently require further management and conservation activities. Transects were located from West to East across Wadi Rijaf, horizontal lines, orthogonal to the main line, were also made to cover the surrounding rocky slopes. Four to six sample quadrants of 25 x 25 m were laid out along these lines. MVSP 3.1 Cluster Analyses and The Braun-Blanquet approach were used for classification of vegetation types. The study revealed 194 different plant species, of which 2 were Yemeni endemic species. A total of 147 genera belonging to 67 families were recorded from the plots.
Puccinia Canaliculata – A Possible Bioherbicide for Purple Nutsedge (Cyperus Rotundus L.) and Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus Esculentus)
- Farid S. Sabraa, Soad M. Ahmeda, Samir T. A. El-Deeba, Fouad S. Solimana, Tarek F. A. El-Zanaty
- Reseived: 2 December 2017 Received in Revised Form: 23 January 2018 Accepted: 16 April 2018
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Purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) and Yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.) are serious weed problems in the world. The potential of an indigenous rust fungus [Puccinia canaliculata (Schw.) Lagerh.], as a biocontrol agent of purple and yellow nutsedge, either alone or with combination with the herbicides Glyphosate and Halosulfuron are evaluated under greenhouse conditions. Symptoms developed on leaves seven days after inoculation and the severity of the disease was assessed for four times with a time interval one week. The effect on the two nutsedges was expressed as the percentages of reduction of shoot and root weight. The results demonstrated that, disease severity has increased over time, either in the treatments of rust alone or in the presence of the herbicides. Progress of rust disease significantly increased with concentration of rust. Concerning the sensitivity of the two types of nutsedge to rust, it was found that yellow nutsedge was more sensitive to rust than the purple one. For the effect of Glyphosate and P. canaliculata on nutsedge fresh weight of shoot and root, it was obviously that the weight significantly decreased and the concentration of 1x108 spore/ml as combination treatment with Glyphosate, was the most effective treatment. Data clearly demonstrated that there is no significantly differences between this treatment and the recommended dose of herbicide Halosulfuron especially in the effect of root system either in purple or yellow nutsedge. The successful control of yellow nutsedge and purple nutsedge by a rust epiphytotic under experimental conditions demonstrates the potential use of the rust in an integrated weed management (IWM) program.
Antifungal Activity of Allium Sativum Extracts as Biopesticides against Six Economically Important Plant Pathogenic Fungi
- Hamdy R. Soltan, Soad M. Ahmed, Doaa A. Emama
- Reseived: 2 December 2017 Received in Revised Form: 13 March 2018 Accepted: 28 March 2018
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The inhibitory effect of crude extracts of garlic essential oil either extracted by hydro-distillation or solvent (diethyl ether) methods was evaluated at concentrations of 50, 100, 200, 300 and 400 ppm on growth of six plant pathogenic fungi species, Fusarium oxysporum, Alternaria solani, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotium rolfsii, Phytophthora infestans and Botrytis cinerea was investigated. Generally, the crude garlic oil extracted by the hydro- distillation method exhibited marked antifungal activity against R. solani and P. infestans and their EC50 (the concentration inhibiting mycelial growth by 50%) values were 43.27 and 56.72 ppm, respectively. Whereas, moderate inhibition activity was observed against B. cinerea, S. rolfsii, F. oxysporum with EC50 values ranged from 102.20, to 143.41 ppm. While, the garlic oil exhibited less inhibitory effect against A. solani with EC50 values 177.50 ppm. The crude oil extracted by diethyl ether solvent method gave the highest effective inhibition one against P. infestans and S. rolfsii with EC50 values 75.05 and 94.17 ppm, respectively, followed by R. solani, F. oxysporum and A. solani with EC50 values 109.20, 121.01 and 125.33 ppm, respectively. The lowest fungicidal effect was recorded by the garlic oil against B. cinerea with EC50 values 202.09 ppm. Chemical analysis performed by GC/MS revealed that essential oil of Allium sativum is characterized by the presence of two major compounds, which are: diallyl trisulfide and diallyl disulfide together with other constituents at relatively low levels. Generally, the present work indicates that the fraction either isolated from garlic oil extracted by hydro-distillation or by diethyl ether showed similar strong inhibitory against P. infestans (3.13 and 4.15 ppm), R. solani (5.19 and 6.10 ppm) and F. oxysporum (6.24 and 7.41ppm). In dose response study, B. cinerea showed the lowest sensitivity to fraction isolated from garlic oil extracted by hydro- distillation method. The findings of the present study envisaged that Allium sativum exracts can effectively control plant pathogenic fungi, and this study paves the way for development of bioactive natural products with the added benefits of an environmentally safe and economically viable product.
Chemical Composition, Minerals and Phytochemical Contents of Pearl Millet
- Bader O. Burham
- Reseived: 6 June 2017 Received in Revised Form: 17 March 2018 Accepted: 25 March 2018
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The objective of the study is to determine the chemical composition, minerals (Ca, P and Fe) and phytochemical contents (phytic acid, tannin and total polyphenols) of pearl millet. The study revealed that the values of proximate composition of millet were 92.37, 14.47, 5.86, 1.98, 68.38 and 1.68% for dry matter, crude protein, oils, ash, carbohydrates and fibers, respectively, while those for phytochemical were 206.1, 0.198 and 445.27 mg/100g for phytic acid, tannin and total polyphenols, respectively. The values of minerals contents were 4.67, 2.62 and 315.69 mg/100g for Ca, Fe and P, respectively.
Key Strategies in Implementing Best Evidence Medical Education (BEME) in an Academic Setting
- Haitham M. El Bingawi
- Reseived: 13 June 2017 Received in Revised Form: 10 October 2017 Accepted: 14 March 2018
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The concept of Best Evidence Medical Education (BEME) is well described in the literature. However, a gap exists between the available evidences and academic practice. This brief outlines ten practical strategies to facilitate the bridging of this gap.
